Dec. 30 (Bloomberg) -- Atsuko Tamura says she hopes her husband splurges on
a 1.3 million yen ($11,000) De Beers flower- shaped Cocktail Fizz diamond
ring for their 15th wedding anniversary. She already has a Tiffany & Co.
necklace.
``The diamonds are just sprinkled all over,'' Tamura, 40, says as she
steps out of the De Beers shop in Ginza, one of Tokyo's busiest and most
glamorous shopping neighborhoods. ``De Beers is the most genuine of all.''
Competition is intensifying in the $70 billion diamond jewelry market as
rising wealth in Asia increases demand for higher-priced pieces. De Beers,
the world's largest supplier of diamonds, is winning customers from
companies such as Tiffany and Cie. Financiere Richemont AG's Cartier four
years after creating a retail venture with LVMH Moet Hennessy Louis Vuitton
SA. Sotheby's Holdings Inc. began selling a line of gems this month.
``Size is an advantage in this business, as is brand recognition,'' says
Scilla Huang Sun, who manages a $100 million luxury goods fund, including
shares of Tiffany, Richemont, LVMH and Rome-based Bulgari SpA, for Clariden
Bank in Zurich.
The shares of Tiffany have fallen 11 percent to $38.65 since the U.S.
Christmas shopping season began Nov. 25. The company was founded in 1837 and
opened its flagship store on Fifth Avenue in Manhattan about a century
later. De Beers and LVMH this year opened a Fifth Avenue store two blocks
away.
Year-End Engagements
Tiffany's stock has risen 21 percent this year, compared with a 33
percent gain for Paris-based LVMH and 51 percent for Geneva-based Richemont,
which also owns jeweler Van Cleef & Arpels and watchmakers IWC, Piaget and
Jaeger LeCoultre.
The shares of Anglo American Plc, which owns 45 percent of De Beers, have
risen 61 percent to 1,979 pence in London. The Oppenheimer family owns 40
percent of Johannesburg-based De Beers, and the government of Botswana owns
the rest.
About 25 percent of all diamond jewelry is sold during the year-end
holiday season, says Sally Morrison, director of the Diamond Information
Center, which is affiliated with De Beers.
Christmas Eve tops Valentine's Day as the most popular moment to pop the
question, according to New York-based jeweler Jacob & Co., whose clients
include Nascar racing champion Jeff Gordon. The average price of a diamond
engagement ring reached a record $2,600 in the U.S. last year.
The global diamond jewelry market will probably expand 6 percent to 7
percent in 2006, in line with this year's growth, according to Richard
Platt, director of Antwerp, Belgium-based PolishedPrices.com, which tracks
diamond prices. Growth has slowed from 9 percent in 2004, mainly because of
the stronger dollar, Platt says.
Planes, Boats, Diamonds
Demand will grow fastest in emerging markets such as China and India as
more people achieve incomes that let them splurge on diamond jewelry, Platt
says.
That trend will help companies such as De Beers and Tiffany because newly
wealthy consumers often seek out well-known brands to show off their wealth,
says Jacques-Franck Dossin, a London- based luxury-goods analyst at Goldman
Sachs Group Inc., who rates LVMH shares ``in-line'' and Richemont
``outperform.''
``There is a lot of cash out there, especially in emerging countries such
as Russia and China,'' says Bernard Fornas, 58, chief executive officer of
Cartier, the world's largest jeweler. ``When people have already bought
their private plane, their boat and their country cottage, they go for
high-ticket jewelry.''
The company, which reopened its flagship store on Paris's Rue de la Paix
this month, had record sales of jewelry priced at more than $200,000 in the
past year, Fornas says.
``Diamonds continue to be Tiffany's strongest category around the
world,'' says Mark Aaron, Tiffany's vice president of investor relations.
Jewelry with at least one diamond accounted for 43 percent of its sales last
year.
`Bigger, Better Quality'
Tiffany CEO Michael Kowalski, 53, is trying to spur demand in Japan, the
company's second-biggest market, by pushing gold- and-diamond jewelry that
costs more than $2,000. Third-quarter sales in the country were unchanged
after Tiffany failed to attract customers with lower-priced silver.
Sotheby's, the world's No. 2 auction house, is betting wealthy clients
will buy jewelry from the Sotheby's Diamonds collection, a venture with
Geneva-based Steinmetz Diamond Group. The line, which includes about 100
pieces starting at $100,000, marks the first time in Sotheby's 261-year
history that the company has created its own products.
``Everybody is asking for bigger, better quality,'' says Eve Goldberg,
vice president of New York-based William Goldberg Diamond Corp., a
family-owned company that cuts, polishes and sells large diamonds. ``Two
years ago, if we got a special stone we would offer it to two or three of
our best clients. Now we have three or four people ready to write a check
without even seeing the stone.''
For retailers such as LVMH and Sotheby's, ventures with diamond producers
also secure access to gems in the increasingly competitive market.
Right-Hand Rings
Bulgari, the world's third-largest jeweler, in September introduced a
collection of diamond jewelry through a venture with the Leviev Group, an
Israeli company owned by billionaire diamond merchant Lev Leviev. Bulgari
had been known for colored gems.
``We are able to offer a broad range of pieces at competitive prices
because we have cut out part of the supply chain,'' says Bulgari CEO
Francesco Trapani, 48.
Tiffany has gone against the grain. A year ago, the company sold its
stake in Toronto-based miner Aber Diamond Corp. for $268 million, almost
quadrupling its money in five years.
Men are still the biggest buyers of diamonds, though women are purchasing
more for themselves.
In 2003, De Beers initiated an industry push to expand the market beyond
wedding and engagement rings by marketing so-called right-hand rings. Sales
of right-hand rings rose 15 percent last year, according to the Diamond
Information Center in New York.
`Celebrity-Obsessed Culture'
``Diamonds are not just a once-in-a-lifetime investment anymore,'' says
Andrea Ciccoli, a consultant for the fashion and luxury industries at Bain &
Co. in Milan.
Diamond jewelry has broken out of the mold of being just for special
occasions partly because people want to emulate entertainers and athletes
who are wearing gems with everyday attire. Diamonds have become a staple of
``bling-bling,'' or flashy jewelry sported by black hip-hop artists.
``People like Puff Daddy, Jennifer Lopez and Beyonce aren't afraid to
wear the symbols of their success,'' says Jean-Bernard Forot, jewelry
marketing manager for Geneva-based Piaget. ``Thanks to them, diamonds have
become fashionable and trendy. In Europe, wearing diamonds used to be seen
as showing off.''
The venture between De Beers and LVMH, known as De Beers LV, has turned
to celebrities to build its brand. It sponsored a charity dinner for the
American Foundation for AIDS Research, or Amfar, at the Cannes Film Festival
in 2002, where model Iman wore the 203.04-carat De Beers Millennium Star,
the world's largest flawless colorless diamond. Afterward, pictures of Iman
alongside Elizabeth Taylor and Sharon Stone appeared in fashion magazines.
Actor Jamie Foxx wore a $50,000 diamond pave watch by Piaget in February,
when he picked up the best actor Oscar for portraying Ray Charles, according
to Piaget's Forot. On her latest tour, Madonna wore a $17,000 diamond pave
``Angel'' two- zone watch from Jacob & Co., according to the company. In a
pave, the stones are set so closely together that no metal shows.
``We live in a celebrity-obsessed culture,'' the Diamond Information
Center's Morrison says. ``Putting an important piece on a celebrity is like
having a free billboard.''
To contact the reporter on this story: Sara Gay Forden in Milan at
sforden@bloomberg.net
Lansana Conté -
Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - saved
Born in
Moussayah Loumbaya (Dubréka),
a member of the Susu people,[4]
he estimated his birthdate to be 1934, although he never knew exactly.[5]
Conté was educated at a local
Quranic school
and attended Dubréka primary school. He then went on to study at military
preparatory schools in
Bingerville,
Côte
d'Ivoire and
Saint Louis,
Senegal.
[edit]
Military and
government service
In 1955, he enlisted in the
French
army and was posted to
Algeria
during the
war of independence in 1957. After his service in the French Army, Conté
returned to Guinea, which became independent from France on 2 October 1958, and
was integrated into the new army with the rank of
sergeant.
In 1962, he attended the Camp Alpha officer's school in
Conakry. Soon
after, he was transferred to the 2nd Battalion artillery-training center in
Kindia. On 1
July 1963, he was promoted to
Second Lieutenant. This was followed two years later by another promotion
from Second Lieutenant to
Lieutenant.
On 22 November 1970, Portuguese military together with Guinean dissidents
invaded the country from
Portuguese Guinea (now
Guinea-Bissau) in an apparent attempt to overthrow the government of
President
Ahmed Sékou Touré and destroy
PAIGC guerillas. Conté participated in operations to defend the capital and
government forces soon suppressed the invasion. For his service to the nation,
he was promoted to the rank of
Captain on 27 February 1971. In 1973, he was named commander of the
Boké operational
zone (in Northwestern Guinea) to assist the pro-independence
guerrilla movement,
African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde (PAIGC) in
neighboring Portuguese Guinea. On 10 May 1975, he was named assistant Chief of
Staff of the army.
In 1977, he was head of the Guinean delegation during negotiations that
resolved a border dispute with Guinea-Bissau and was elected to the National
Assembly in 1980. Later that year, he took part in the ruling
Democratic Party of Guinea's (PDG) official pilgrimage to
Mecca.
[edit]
Presidency
[edit]
1984 coup and
military rule
President Ahmed Sékou Touré, Guinea's head of state since independence, died
on 26 March 1984. Prime Minister
Louis Lansana Beavogui acted as interim president. On 3 April, Conté led a
military coup that toppled the government.
He denounced the Touré regime's human rights abuses and released 250
political prisoners. He also encouraged the return of approximately 200,000
Guineans from exile.
The country's constitution was immediately suspended after the takeover,
along with the National Assembly, and political activity was banned. A 25-member
Military Committee for National Recovery (CMRN) was set up and led by Conté, who
on 5 April was proclaimed President of the Republic.
On 4 July 1985, soldiers loyal to Conté, who was attending an
Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) summit in
Lomé,
Togo, thwarted a
coup d'état. Conté, a member of the
Susu
people (or Sousou), used the opportunity to eliminate rival soldiers from
the
Malinké ethnic group, including former Prime Minister
Diarra Traoré.[6]
On 3 April 1990, Conté was promoted to the rank of Army
General.
President Conté was also the Secretary General of the
International Parliament for Safety and Peace, an Intergovernmental
Organization based in Italy.
[citation
needed]
[edit]
Economic and
political transition
Conté's economic reforms, including
currency devaluation and reduction of government spending met with approval
of the
International Monetary Fund (IMF), and realignment with western nations
encouraged foreign investments.
He initiated Guinea's transition to civilian,
multiparty rule in the early 1990s. A new constitution was approved in a
referendum
held on 23 December 1990 and the CMRN was disbanded on 16 January 1991. It was
replaced by the Transitional Committee for National Recovery (CTRN), a body
composed of civilians and military officials. Political parties were legalized
in 1992 in preparation for upcoming elections.
[edit]
Civilian rule
The first multi-party presidential election held since independence was
conducted on 19 December 1993. Conté, candidate of the newly formed
Party of Unity and Progress (PUP), won 51.7% of the vote;
Alpha
Condé of the
Rally of the Guinean People (RPG) was second with 19.6% of the vote.[7]
The opposition alleged electoral fraud, especially after the Supreme Court
discounted as invalid the results in two prefectures where Condé of the RPG had
received a large majority of the vote.
Despite Conté's stated commitment to democracy, his regime remained
authoritarian. However, he had far less power than Touré, and for the most part
his rule was much milder.
Conté's government narrowly survived a 2 February 1996 coup attempt that
stemmed from an army
mutiny over
payment of salaries. Several dozen civilians were killed and the presidential
residence sustained significant damage.
In Guinea's second multi party presidential election, held on 14 December
1998, Conté won another five-year term with 56.1% of the vote.[7]
The polls, although an improvement over the troubled 1993 election, were
considered flawed by opposition parties and observers. A November 2001
referendum that lifted presidential term limits and would extend the term in
office from five to seven years was supported by 98.4% of the voters.[7]
The results, however, were rejected by opposition parties who claimed that the
outcome was rigged.
He went on to win a third
presidential election held on 21 December 2003 with 95.6% of the vote[7]
after all but one of the opposing candidates boycotted the race, expressing
their belief that Conté would never allow a fair election. Conté had been in
declining health, suffering from diabetes and heart problems, and his ability to
serve and survive another full term in office was doubted by many. He was sworn
in on 19 January 2004, and in a television broadcast on this occasion, he vowed
to fight corruption.[8]
On 19 January 2005, shots were reportedly fired at his motorcade on its way
into Conakry
in what was apparently a failed assassination attempt. One bodyguard was
reportedly wounded. Conté, who was unharmed, went on state radio and television
that night to say that he had survived because God had not yet decided it was
his time to die. He also mentioned "threats from those who do not wish to see
the development of Guinea or those who obey orders given to them from abroad"
and vowed that he would "not be manipulated". On the next morning, he made a
public appearance to pray.[9]
While on a visit to France with his family in 2005, Prime Minister
François Lonseny Fall resigned and sought asylum. He complained of
corruption and increasing interference from Conté. Fall's successor,
Cellou Dalein Diallo, endured until April 2006. Conté failed to appoint a
new prime minister until the end of January 2007.
In April 2006 he was flown to Morocco for medical treatment. Most people
expected he would not return, but he did. Then in May 2006 riots in Conakry over
the price of rice and fuel led to around twenty deaths as security forces
savagely repressed the popular uprising. In August 2006 he was again flown to
Switzerland for medical treatment. This time no crowds met him on his return to
Guinea. Meanwhile Henriette Conté, the President's first wife, has been accused
of flouting the rule of law and taking advantage of the President's physical and
mental incapacity to abuse her power.
In August 2006 Human Rights Watch produced a 30-page report condemning human
rights abuses in Guinea, highlighting the power vacuum resulting from the
President's ongoing illness, and expressing concern about the future.
In an interview with journalists reported by
Guinéenews
in October 2006, Lansana Conté said that he intended to stay as President until
2010, which was the end of his seven-year term. Conté also said that he was
looking for a replacement who "loves the country and will protect it against its
enemies."[10]
In November 2006
Transparency International updated its annual corruption index. Guinea under
Lansana Conté was then second equal as the most corrupt country in the world
(pride of place for corruption going to Haiti). This is a matter of concern for
foreign firms intending to invest in Guinea (for example to exploit its
extensive bauxite reserves) as they are unable to operate in Guinea without
paying huge bribes to highly placed government officials, but if caught doing so
they may face legal action in their country of origin.
In January 2007, a
general nationwide strike was held protesting Conté's continued leadership
of the country.
[1] The strike continued for over two weeks, during which hundreds of
thousands of protesters marched in the streets. Within the first two weeks,
savage repression by red-caps (Presidential guards) and other security forces
left at least twenty protesters dead. By the end of the strike on 27 January, it
was reported that at least 90 protesters had died in violent clashes with police[11]
and at least 300 had been injured, according to a local human rights group.
The strike ended following an agreement between Conté and the labor unions,
according to which a new Prime Minister would be appointed as head of
government; Conté also agreed to lower rice and fuel prices.[12]
On 9 February, Conté appointed
Eugène Camara, who had been Minister of State for Presidential Affairs since
January, as Prime Minister.[13][14]
This was rejected by the opposition, and widespread violence broke out after the
appointment.[15]
The strike resumed on 12 February, and Conté declared
martial
law on the same day.[16][17]
On 25 February Conté agreed to a deal to end the strike, and on 26 February he
appointed a new Prime Minister,
Lansana Kouyaté, from a list of individuals chosen by the unions and
representatives of civil society; people returned to work on 27 February.[18]
Kouyaté was sworn in on 1 March in a ceremony at which Conté was not present.[19]
In an interview with
Agence France-Presse and
TV5 on 14
June 2007, Conté asserted that he was still in charge of the country ("I'm the
boss, others are my subordinates"), rejected the possibility of a transition,
and said that his appointment of a prime minister was not due to pressure and
that he was pleased with Kouyaté's performance.[20]
On 5 December 2007, a decree restructuring ministries increased the powers of
the Secretary-General of the Presidency at the expense of those of the Prime
Minister, and on 3 January 2008 Conté dismissed and replaced
Justin Morel Junior, the Minister of Communication and Government Spokesman,
without consulting Kouyaté. On 4 January, Kouyaté demanded that Morel be
restored to his position, and labor unions announced plans to begin a new
"unlimited general strike" on 10 January, demanding that Conté's agreement with
the unions be properly implemented and that Morel be restored.[21]
On 9 January, the unions withdrew their call for a strike.[22]
In a surprise move,[23]
on 20 May 2008, Conté dismissed Kouyaté and replaced him with
Ahmed Tidiane Souaré.[23][24][25][26][27]
Kouyaté was widely considered a disappointment in his role as Prime Minister,
and his unpopularity meant that his dismissal was not greeted with any major
unrest of the kind that led to his appointment a year earlier.[27]
Through this dismissal and the appointment of Souaré, who was considered close
to Conté,[23][26][27]
Conté was considered to have strengthened his position.
[27]
In the early hours of December 23, 2008,
Aboubacar Somparé, the President of the National Assembly, announced on
television that Conté had died at 6:45pm local time on December 22 "after a long
illness",[3]
without specifying the cause of death.[28]
According to Somparé, Conté "hid his physical suffering" for years "in order to
give happiness to Guinea."[28]
Conté had left the country for medical treatment on numerous occasions in the
years preceding his death,[3]
and speculation about his health had long been widespread. Contrary to his usual
practice, Conté did not appear on television to mark
Tabaski earlier in December 2008, and this sparked renewed speculation, as
well as concern about the possibility of violence in the event of his death. At
around the same time, a newspaper published a photograph suggesting that Conté
was in poor physical condition and having difficulty standing up. The editor of
that newspaper was arrested and the newspaper was required to print a photograph
in which Conté looked healthy.[28]
According to the constitution, the President of the National Assembly was to
assume the Presidency of the Republic in the event of a vacancy, and a new
presidential election was to be held within 60 days.[3]
Somparé requested that the President of the Supreme Court,
Lamine Sidimé, declare a vacancy in the Presidency and apply the
constitution.[3][29]
Prime Minister Souaré and
Diarra Camara, the head of the army, stood alongside Somparé during his
announcement.[28][30]
Declaring 40 days of national mourning for Conté,[31][32]
Souaré urged "calm and restraint". He told the army to secure the borders and
maintain calm within the country "in homage to the memory of the illustrious
late leader".[32]
Six hours after Somparé announced Conté's death, a statement was read on
television announcing a
coup d'état.[33]
This statement, read by Captain
Moussa Dadis Camara[34]
on behalf of a group called the National Council for Democracy and Development (CNDD),[33]
said that "the government and the institutions of the Republic have been
dissolved". The statement also announced the suspension of the constitution "as
well as political and union activity".[34]
Conté's funeral was held in Conakry on 26 December. His body was put on
display in the parliament building before being taken to the national stadium,
where over 20,000 people were in attendance. Leaders of neighboring countries
were present for the funeral. General Mamadou Ba Toto of the CNDD said at the
funeral that "we pray God to give us the courage to continue [Conté's] work of
tolerance and peace for the welfare of Guinea". Afterwards, his body was buried
the village of
Lansanaya in front of his mansion.[35][36]
It was taken out of its coffin and placed into the ground, then covered with
handfuls of dirt tossed by mourners. The burial was marked by some disorder, as
thousands of mourners tried to reach the grave and security forces formed a
cordon around it.[37]
2.
BBC News
- Guinea country profile
"10 Aug 2010 ...
Politics: Military junta took control in December 2008 within hours of death
of President Lansana
Conte, who himself seized power in a coup ..."
www.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/country_profiles/1032311.stm
3.
Lansana Conté:
Biography from Answers.com
"Lansana
Conté president Personal
Information Born c. 1944 in a village about 50 miles north of Conakry,
Guinea."
www.answers.com/topic/lansana-cont
4.
Lansana Conté profile: Death of an African 'Big Man' | World news ...
"23 Dec 2008 ...
Guinea's second president since independence from France came to power in a
coup and over 24 years allowed only a veneer of democracy."
www.guardian.co.uk/world/2008/dec/23/lansana-conte-profile
5.
Lansana Conte
"Lansana
Conte is the recently deceased President of Guinea. Conte was president from
1984 until his death on December 22, 2008."
www.mahalo.com/lansana-conte
6.
BBC NEWS | Africa |
Obituary: Guinea's Lansana Conte
"23 Dec 2008 ... The
BBC's Mark Doyle takes a look back at the life of Guinea's President, Gen
Lansana Conte, who has
died."
news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7797015.stm
7.
Lansana Conte
News - Topix
"5 posts - 1
author - Last post: 2 AugNews on
Lansana Conte continually
updated from thousands of sources around the net."
www.topix.com/world-leaders/lansana-conte
8.
Lansana Conté
"Lansana
Conté. Born: c. 1934 [1]
Birthplace: Dubréka, Guinea Died: 22-Dec-2008. Cause of death: Illness.
Gender: Male Religion: Muslim ..."
www.nndb.com/people/199/000179659/
9.
Lansana Conte (president of Guinea) -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia
"Britannica online
encyclopedia article on
Lansana Conte (president of Guinea), c. 1934Loumbaya-Moussaya, Dubréka
prefecture, French GuineaDec."
www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/134711/Lansana-Conte
10.
Lansana Conté - Telegraph
"30 Dec 2008 ...
Lansana
Conté was the President of
Guinea whose two and a half decades in power left his nation mired in poverty
and corruption."
www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/4031475/Lansana-Cont.html
11.
Lansana Conté, military leader of Guinea, has died - The New York ...
"23 Dec 2008 ...
CONAKRY, Guinea — President
Lansana Conté, who
ruled this African nation with an iron hand since seizing power in a coup
nearly a quarter ..."
www.nytimes.com/2008/12/23/world/africa/23iht-obits.1.18886343.html
12.
Category:Lansana
Conté - Wikimedia Commons
"Category:Lansana
Conté. From Wikimedia
Commons, the free media repository ... Media in category "Lansana
Conté". The following 2
files are in this category, ..."
commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Lansana_Cont%C3%A9
13.
Conakry, Lobe, lansana Conte,
GUinea , Aliminium
"Conakry (Reuters) -
Guinean President Lansana
Conte's government offered an amnesty on Tuesday to mutinous soldiers to try
to resolve protests over pay ..."
www.niger1.com/conakry.html
14.
YouTube - lansana conte
"lanasana conte veut
coute que coute se faire remplacer par son fils."
www.youtube.com/watch?v=8dsy7UyafZ4
15.
Lansana Conté: authoritarian President of Guinea | Times Online ...
"24 Dec 2008 ...
Obituary for Lansana
Conté: authoritarian
President of Guinea from The Times and Sunday Times.
Lansana
Conté was the
authoritarian ruler of ..."
www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/obituaries/article5391159.ece
16.
General Lansana Conté
"23 Dec 2008 ...
Obituary: Soldier and president of Guinea since he seized power in 1984
General Lansana
Conté ."
www.buzzle.com/articles/242531.html
17.
Lansana Conte
News - Media Monitoring Service by EIN News
"22 Aug 2010 ...
Lansana Conte News.
Service for global professionals. Constantly updated news and information
about Guinea."
www.einnews.com/guinea/newsfeed-lansana-conte
18.
Guinea to hold funeral for dictator Lansana Conte - The China Post
"26 Dec 2008 ...
Lansana Conte's body was
to be brought Friday morning to a stadium in the capital, Conakry, and then to
the Grand Mosque before interment in ..."
www.chinapost.com.tw/international/africa/2008/12/26/189408/Guinea-to.htm
19.
Lansana Conté: President of Guinea who ruled the West African ...
"3 Jan 2009 ... The
death of the West African dictator
Lansana
Conté – and the suffering
he inflicted on Guinea during his quarter century in power – can't ..."
www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/lansana-cont-president-of-guinea-who-ruled-the-west-african-nation-for-24-years-after-seizing-power-in-a-military-coup-1222883.html
20.
Coup
fear as Guinea president dies - CNN.com
"23 Dec 2008 ...
Lansana Conte came to
power in a military coup in 1984. ...
Lansana Conte after a long
illness," Sompare said, according to Le Jour. ..."
www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/africa/12/23/guinea.president.dead/
Moussa Dadis
Camara - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Captain Moussa Dadis Camara (born 1964) is an ex-officer of the
Guinean army who served as the President of the Republic of
Guinea's
National Council for Democracy and Development (Conseil National de la
Démocratie et du Développement, CNDD), which seized power in
a military coup d'état on 23 December 2008 after the death of
long-time President and dictator
Lansana Conté. He has been out of office since the assassination attempt on
him on 3 December 2009.
Early life
Moussa Dadis Camara was born in 1964 in the remote town of
Kouré,
Lola Prefecture, in the
Guinée Forestière region of southeastern Guinea, near the border with
Côte
d'Ivoire and
Liberia. He is a member of the
Kpelle ethnic group (known in Guinea as Guerze). Dadis’ ethnic group are
primarily found in
Guinée Forestière region of Guinea, near Liberia. Dadis attended primary and
secondary school in
Nzérékoré,
about 24 miles (40 km) away from his birth-town of Kouré. He studied law and
economics at
Abdel Nasser University in the capital,
Conakry. He
is a Christian[1]
in a country that is at least 85% Muslim. Dadis speaks five languages: French,
Kpelle,
Susu,
Maninka and German.[1]
He joined the Army of Guinea in 1990 as a
corporal
and was later appointed as the Chief of Fuels at the Guinean army base in
Kindia, about
60 miles northeast of Conakry.[2]
From 2001 to 2002, Dadis was sent to
Sierra
Leone as a member of the
United Nations' peacekeeping troops. In 2004, President Conté sent Dadis,
along with several other Guinean soldiers, to
Bremen,
Germany, for 18 months’ military training. In November 2008, he was named head
of the Guinean army's fuel supplies unit, a branch of the Guinean
Minister of Defense's cabinet.[1]
He was one of the leading mutineers in the
2008 Guinean military unrest. Prior to the December 2008 coup, he was
not well known by the general population.
[3]
[edit]
Christmas
coup
In the early hours of 23 December 2008,
Aboubacar Somparé, the President of the National Assembly, announced on
television that Conté had died because of illness on 22 December.[4]
According to the constitution, the President of the National Assembly was to
assume the Presidency of the Republic in the event of a vacancy, and a new
presidential election was to be held within 60 days.[4]
Six hours after Somparé announced Conté's death, a statement was read on
television announcing a military coup d'état.[5]
This statement, read by Captain Camara[6]
on behalf of the CNDD,[5]
said that "the government and the institutions of the Republic have been
dissolved". The statement also announced the suspension of the constitution "as
well as political and union activity".[6]
According to Camara, the coup was necessary because of Guinea's "deep
despair" amidst rampant poverty and corruption, and he said that the existing
institutions were "incapable of resolving the crises which have been confronting
the country." Furthermore, Camara said that someone from the military would
become President, while a civilian would be appointed as Prime Minister at the
head of a new government that would be ethnically balanced.[7]
The National Council for Democracy and Development would, according to Camara,
include 26 officers as well as six civilians.[8]
A statement was read over the radio on 24 December 2008, announcing that
Captain Camara was the President of the CNDD.[9]
Later in the day, Camara and thousands of soldiers loyal to him paraded through
the city, surrounded by large numbers of civilian supporters. According to
Camara, he "came to see if the terrain is favorable to us", declaring that the
large crowds indicated that the people were indeed supportive of the coup.
Also on 24 December, Camara said in a radio broadcast that the CNDD did not want
to stay in power indefinitely and that it intended to lead the country for two
years, promising "credible and transparent presidential elections by the end of
December 2010". This contradicted an earlier statement which promised an
election within the constitutionally mandated period of 60 days.[10]
Speaking on the radio on 25 December, Camara said that he did not plan to run
for President at the end of the two year transitional period. He also declared
that the CNDD was not susceptible to bribes. According to Camara, people had "start[ed]
to show up with bags of money to try to corrupt us. They’ve tried to give money
to our wives and cars to our children." He warned that he would "personally go
after anyone that tries to corrupt us".[11]
The Associated Press reported that Camara's tenureship was quickly challenged
by soldiers of Sekouba Konate, in one of the capital's barracks. Camara, Konate,
and a third unknown officer then drew lots, twice, to determine who would lead,
with Camara winning both times.[12]
(note that Konate now runs the country, after a nearly successful assassination
attempt on Camara)
On 25 December 2008, the Prime Minister under the previous régime,
Ahmed Tidiane Souaré, pledged loyalty to Camara, thus further consolidating
the latter's rule.[11]
On 22 March 2009, Souaré was arrested and held in a military prison, along with
two Mines Ministers (recalling that Guinea is the world's largest exporter of
bauxite, the
necessary ore for
aluminum).
[13]
[edit]
28 September Atrocity
On 28 September 2009, opposition party members demonstrated in the
Stade du 28 Septembre in Conakry, demanding that Camara step down. Although
many branches of security forces were involved, the presidential guard "Red
Berets", led by Abubakar "Toumba" Diakite, were exceptionally responsible for
the violence, firing on, knifing, bayonetting, and gang-raping the fleeing
civilians, killing at least 157 people(U.N) and injuring at least 1,200 not just
in the stadium but as many fled on streets.[14]
In response to criticism from international human rights organisations, the
government has said that only 56 people died and most were trampled by fleeing
protesters.[15]
Following the event, cell phone photos from anonymous sources circulated on the
Internet, showing what appears to be many women being raped by Camara's
soldiers.[16]
Few women have spoken up about the attacks against them because of a societal
stigma against the victims of sexual assault. However,
Doctors Without Borders has confirmed that they have treated several rape
and sexual violence victims of the incident. For a people already accustomed to
violence, the rapes were nonetheless especially shocking as they took place in
the open space, under broad daylight, and were horrifically violent and often
mortal.[17]
According to numerous witness accounts, women were horrendously gang-raped using
gun barrels and other objects. Some were raped then shot with the rifle barrel
in their vaginas.[18]
The
International Criminal Court is currently investigating the incident and the
African Union has asked for Camara's resignation.[19]
In response to the incident, the
Economic Community of West African States imposed an arms embargo on Guinea.[20]
The
African Union, the
European Union and the United States punished Moussa Dadis Camara and
forty-one other junta members in late October 2009. The African Union imposed a
travel ban and froze any bank accounts owned by the forty-two.[21]
The European Union did the same a day earlier.[21]
The United States opted for a travel ban alone.[22]
The African Union's commissioner for peace and security said the sanctions were
intended to punish the junta and would not affect areas such as trade which may
impact on the lives of ordinary citizens.
[21]
[edit]
Assassination attempt
On 3 December 2009, Camara was shot by men under the command of his
aide-de-camp, Abubakar "Toumba" Diakite. A government spokesman (Idrissa Cherif)
said he was only lightly wounded, but anonymous junta officials said Camara was
in a serious condition after being shot in the head.[23]
Camara's bodyguard and driver were killed in the attack.[24]
On 4 December the New York Times's sources suggested that Camara had
in fact left the country for medical treatment in
Morocco,
amidst claims by officials that he was not in serious condition.[25]
Vice-President (and defense minister)
Sékouba Konaté flew back from
Lebanon to
run the country. Diakite is still in hiding.[26]
On January 12, 2010 Camara was flown to
Burkina
Faso
[27].
After meeting in
Ouagadougou on January 13 and 14, Camara, Konaté and
Blaise Compaoré, President of Burkina Faso, produced a formal statement of
twelve principles promising a return of Guinea to civilian rule within six
months. It was agreed that the military would not contest the forthcoming
elections, and Camara would continue his convalescence outside Guinea[28].
On 21 January 2010 the military junta appointed
Jean-Marie Doré as Prime Minister of a six-month transition government,
leading up to elections.
[29]
[edit]
See also
Politics of Guinea
Politics of Guinea takes place in a framework of a
presidential
republic,
whereby the
President of Guinea is both
head
of state and
head of government of
Guinea.
Executive power is exercised by the government.
Legislative power is vested in both the
government
and the
National Assembly.
[edit]
History
A military
junta, led by then-Lt.
Col.
Lansana Conté and styling itself the
Military Committee of National Recovery (CMRN), took control of Guinea in
April 1984, shortly after the death of independent Guinea's first president,
Sékou Touré. With Conté as president, the CMRN set about dismantling Touré's
oppressive regime,
abolishing the
authoritarian
constitution, dissolving the sole political party and its mass youth and
women's organizations, and announcing the establishment of the Second Republic.
The new government released all political prisoners and committed itself to the
protection of
human
rights. In order to reverse the steady economic decline under
Touré's rule, the CMRN reorganized the
judicial system, decentralized the administration, promoted private
enterprise, and encouraged foreign
investment
In 1990,
Guineans approved by
referendum
a new constitution that inaugurated the Third Republic, and established a
Supreme Court. In
1991, the CMRN was replaced by a mixed military and civilian body, the
Transitional Council for National Recovery (CTRN), with
Conté as president and a
mandate to manage a 5-year transition to full civilian rule. The CTRN
drafted laws to create republican institutions and to provide for independent
political parties, national elections, and
freedom of the press. Political party activity was legalized in
1992, when more
than 40 political parties were officially recognized for the first time.
In December 1993,
Conté was elected to a 5-year term as president in the country's first
multi-party elections, which were marred by irregularities and lack of
transparency on the part of the government. In 1995, Conté's ruling PUP
party won 76 of 114 seats in elections for the National Assembly amid opposition
claims of irregularities and government tampering. In 1996, President Conté
reorganized the government, appointing Sidya Touré to the revived post of
Prime Minister and charging him with special responsibility for leading the
government's economic reform program. In the early hours of December 23, 2008,
Aboubacar Somparé, the President of the National Assembly, announced on
television that Conté had died at 6:45pm local time on December 22 "after a long
illness",[1]
without specifying the cause of death.[2]
According to Somparé, Conté "hid his physical suffering" for years "in order to
give happiness to Guinea."[2]
Conté had left the country for medical treatment on numerous occasions in the
years preceding his death,[1]
and speculation about his health had long been widespread. Contrary to his usual
practice, Conté did not appear on television to mark
Tabaski earlier in December 2008, and this sparked renewed speculation, as
well as concern about the possibility of violence in the event of his death. At
around the same time, a newspaper published a photograph suggesting that Conté
was in poor physical condition and having difficulty standing up. The editor of
that newspaper was arrested and the newspaper was required to print a photograph
in which Conté looked healthy.[2]
According to the constitution, the President of the National Assembly was to
assume the Presidency of the Republic in the event of a vacancy, and a new
presidential election was to be held within 60 days.[1]
Somparé requested that the President of the Supreme Court,
Lamine Sidimé, declare a vacancy in the Presidency and apply the
constitution.[1][3]
Prime Minister Souaré and
Diarra Camara, the head of the army, stood alongside Somparé during his
announcement.[2][4]
The government declared 40 days of national mourning[5]
and Camara called on soldiers to remain calm.
[6]
[edit]
2008 coup and following
Six hours after Somparé announced Conté's death, a statement was read on
television announcing
a military coup d'état.[7]
This statement, read by Captain
Moussa Dadis Camara
[8]
on behalf of a group called National Council for Democracy,[7]
said that "the government and the institutions of the Republic have been
dissolved". The statement also announced the suspension of the constitution "as
well as political and union activity".[8]
In its place, the military said it had established a consultative council
composed of civilian and military leaders.[9]
On September 27, 2009, the day before planned demonstrations in the capital
city Conakry,
the government declared demonstrations illegal. Thousands of protestors defied
the ban, assembling in a soccer stadium. 157 were left dead after the level of
violence used by security forces escalated.[10]
Captain Moussa (Dadis) Camara told Radio France International on 28 September
the shootings by members of his presidential guard were beyond his control.
"Those people who committed those atrocities were uncontrollable elements in the
military," he said. "Even I, as head of state in this very tense situation,
cannot claim to be able to control those elements in the military."[10]
On December 3, 2009 Captain Moussa Dadis Camara suffered a head wound in an
attempted assassination in Conakry led by his aide-de-camp, Lieutenant Aboubacar
Sidiki Diakité, who is known as Toumba. Captain Camara underwent surgery at a
hospital in Morocco. Reports say Toumba's men opened fire on Captain Camara late
Thursday at an army camp in the city of Conakry.
[11]
[edit]
Executive branch
The
president of Guinea is normally elected by popular vote for a seven-year
term; candidate must receive a majority of the votes cast to be elected
president. The
president
governs Guinea,
assisted by a
council of 25 civilian
ministers appointed by him. The government administers the country through
eight regions, 33
prefectures,
over 100
subprefectures, and many
districts
(known as
communes in
Conakry and other large cities and villages or "quartiers" in the interior).
District-level leaders are elected; the president appoints officials to all
other levels of the highly centralized administration.
Since the
2008 Guinean coup d'état, the head of state has been Captain
Moussa Dadis Camara, an army officer and President of the
National Council for Democracy and Development.
[edit]
Legislative branch
The
National Assembly (Assemblée Nationale) has 114 members, elected for
a four year term, 38 members in single-seat
constituencies and 76 members by
proportional representation. Guinea is a
one party dominant state with the
Party of Unity and Progress in power.
Opposition
parties are allowed, but are widely considered to have no real chance of
gaining power.
[edit]
Political parties
and elections
Rio Tinto China, Chinalco
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"28 Jul 2010 ... tags:
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11.
Rio Tinto To Form Simandou Iron Ore Project JV With Chinalco
...
"19 Mar 2010 ...
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12.
Chinalco Invites New
Partners in Simandou « Black China Blog
"17 Aug 2010 ... On July
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az-china.com/blackchinablog/?p=801
13.
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...
"30 Jul 2010 ... A
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14.
Rio Tinto To
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"19 Mar 2010 ...
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Yossi Kamisa
Ministry of National
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7.
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14:52:00 Yossi Kamisa, a
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A/47/509 of 21 October 1992
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