Gone With The Wind is a well known & very popular book about the South of America during the American Civil War and its aftermath, the Reconstruction, from 1861 onwards. It was written by Margaret Mitchell, who lived in Atlanta all of her life and knew people who were there at the time. Margaret Mitchell's book reads as good history, albeit from a European perspective than African. Given its huge popularity it has been a starting point for historians and, more especially Propagandists marketing White Guilt and Black Hate. The book reads as right about the feel of the period but now Propaganda machines run by the Main Stream Media and the Education industry attack her work. They are very successful in marketing White Guilt and Black Hate.
Paul Craig Roberts, an American economist and one time politician tells us that the American Civil War Was About Taxing the South To Pay For The North. Doctor Roberts also told us about Falsifying History In Behalf Of Agendas.
Another look, a well informed look comes from
Fred. He is from the deep South, where everyone is guilty or black, according
to the illiterate, the ignoramii, the Racists, to
Lenin's Useful Idiots full
of hate. But Fred is special. He knows his history. Fred mentions the
Haiti Slave Revolt and its well known
results. Fred tells the truth and
gives links to sources. That is evidence, that is as good as it gets. It is
at
Fun with Slavery - Dark Spots in a Shining Sea of Twaddle. Read for
yourself. Think for yourself. Decide for yourself.
PS Fortunately the book is now on line at
Gone With The
Wind On Line.
Happily the New York Post has written about the making of the film as Vivien Leigh had nervous breakdown filming ‘Gone with the Wind’. It was the highest grossing film of all time at $1.8 TRILLION inflation adjusted dollars.
After the
American Civil War (1861 to 1865) and defeat, the Southern States were
subjected to Reconstruction by
Carpetbaggers. Southerners were not amused,
especially by the way in which
Sherman did his March to the Sea, looting
and destroying on the way.
Mrs Mitchell understood relationships. She tells us about the class divisions among black
and white. House slaves regarded themselves as superior to yard slaves, to field
hands and, interestingly to poor white people such as
Crackers. Blacks
were called Niggers, Negroes or darkies by all and
sundry without any great malice.
She
makes a number of points en passant:-
The book became a very successful film in 1939; also called
Gone with the Wind. When it gets to
Atlanta the schools close so that everybody can see it. Stars included
Vivien Leigh as Scarlett
O'Hara, Clark Gable as
Rhett Butler, Olivia de Havilland as
Melanie Hamilton and
Leslie Howard as Ashley Wilkes. A first class choice
for Rhett would have been Errol Flynn,
a genuine scoundrel; he would have been acting naturally.
The Wiki's depiction of the
Freedmen's Bureau contrasts strongly
with Margaret Mitchell's. I prefer her view.
The Wiki is a Propaganda machine, which is usually
reliable until the agenda is involved; tending to lie by omission. Notice that
it refers to "African Americans", the current
Politically Correct term used by
Marxists, Lenin's Useful
Idiots and other
Culture Warriors intent on destroying
Western Civilization.
Chapter 49 is about the deep resentment felt by Southerners about the
Scalawags, the turncoats & their corruption.
The Freedmen's Bureau was also cheating
people. Governor Bullock
was deeply loathed. Impractical Yankee schoolmarms wanting to uplift the blacks
were too but had the excuse of their ignorance.
The Wiki chooses to tell us that
Presidents, both
Lincoln and
Johnson took moderate positions regarding
the South, the Confederate States
of America. This contrasts with the truth of Lincoln's
scorched earth
policy, with Sherman's pillaging & destruction during
his March to the Sea. The Wiki has an agenda of
lies.
Margaret Mitchell
ex Wiki
Gone with the
Wind ex Wiki Gone with the Wind was popular with American readers from the outset
and was the top American fiction bestseller in the year it was published and in
1937. As of 2014, a
Harris poll found it to be the second favorite book of American readers,
just behind the Bible. More than 30 million copies have been printed worldwide. Written from the perspective of the slaveholder, Gone with the Wind is
Southern plantation fiction. Its portrayal of slavery and African Americans has
been considered controversial, especially by succeeding generations, as well as
its use of a racial epithet and ethnic slurs common to the period. However, the
novel has become a reference point for subsequent writers about the South, both
black and white. Scholars at American universities refer to it in their
writings, interpret and study it. The novel has been absorbed into American
popular culture. Mitchell received the
Pulitzer Prize for Fiction for the book in 1937. It was adapted into a
1939 American film. Gone with the Wind is the only novel by Mitchell
published during her lifetime.[2] Mitchell used color symbolism, especially the colors red and green, which
frequently are associated with Scarlett O'Hara. Mitchell identified the primary
theme as survival. She left the ending speculative for the reader, however. She
was often asked what became of her lovers, Rhett and Scarlett. She replied, "For
all I know, Rhett may have found someone else who was less difficult."[3]
Two sequels authorized by Mitchell's estate were published more than a half
century later. A parody was also produced.
Gone with the Wind
(film) ex Wiki
American Civil War and
Reconstruction era, the film tells the story of
Scarlett O'Hara, the strong-willed daughter of a Georgia plantation owner,
from her romantic pursuit of
Ashley Wilkes, who is married to his cousin,
Melanie Hamilton, to her marriage to
Rhett
Butler. The leading roles are portrayed by
Vivien
Leigh (Scarlett),
Clark
Gable (Rhett),
Leslie Howard (Ashley), and
Olivia de Havilland (Melanie). Production was difficult from the start. Filming was delayed for two years
due to Selznick's determination to secure Gable for the role of Rhett Butler,
and the "search for Scarlett" led to 1,400 women being interviewed for the part.
The original screenplay was written by
Sidney Howard, but underwent many revisions by several writers in an attempt
to get it down to a suitable length. The original director,
George
Cukor, was fired shortly after filming had begun and was replaced by
Fleming, who in turn was briefly replaced by
Sam Wood
while Fleming took some time off due to exhaustion. The film received positive reviews upon its release in December 1939,
although some reviewers found it overlong. The casting was widely praised and
many reviewers found Leigh especially suited to her role as Scarlett. At the
12th Academy Awards, it received ten
Academy Awards (eight competitive, two honorary) from thirteen nominations,
including wins for
Best Picture,
Best Director (Fleming),
Best Adapted Screenplay (posthumously awarded to Sidney Howard),
Best Actress (Leigh), and
Best Supporting Actress (Hattie
McDaniel, becoming the first African-American to win an Academy Award). It
set records for the total number of wins and nominations at the time. The film
was immensely popular, becoming the
highest-earning film made up to that point, and retained the record for over
a quarter of a century. When
adjusted for monetary inflation, it is still the
most successful film in box-office history. Gone with the Wind has been criticized as historical revisionism
glorifying slavery, but nevertheless, it has been credited for triggering
changes to the way African-Americans are depicted cinematically. It was
re-released periodically throughout the 20th century and became ingrained in
popular culture. The film is regarded as one of
the greatest films of all time; it has placed in the top ten of the
American Film Institute's list of
top 100 American films since the list's
inception in 1998, and in 1989, the United States
Library of Congress selected it for preservation in the
National Film Registry.
American Civil War ex Wiki [ 1861 - 1865 ] Among the 34
U.S.
states in February 1861, seven
Southern
slave states individually declared their
secession from the U.S. to form the Confederate States of America. The
Confederacy grew to include eleven states; it claimed two more
border states (Kentucky
and
Missouri), the
Indian Territory, and the southern portions of the Union's western
territories of
Arizona and
New Mexico, which was organized and incorporated into the Confederacy as
Confederate Arizona. The Confederacy was never diplomatically recognized
by the
United States government, nor was it recognized by any foreign country
(although Britain and France granted it
belligerent status). The states that remained loyal, including the
border states where slavery was legal, were known as the Union or the
North. The North and South quickly raised volunteer and conscription armies that
fought mostly in the South over four years. During this time many
innovations in warfare occurred, including the development and use of
iron-clad ships, ultimately changing naval strategy around the world. The
Union finally won the war when General
Robert E. Lee surrendered to General
Ulysses S. Grant at the battle of
Appomattox, which triggered a series of
surrenders by Confederate generals throughout the southern states. Four
years of intense combat left 620,000 to 750,000 soldiers dead, a higher
number than the number of American military deaths in
World War I and
World War II combined, and much of the South's infrastructure was
destroyed. The Confederacy
collapsed, slavery
was abolished, and 4 million slaves were freed. The
Reconstruction Era (1863–1877) overlapped and followed the war, with the
process of restoring national unity, strengthening the national government,
and granting
civil rights to freed slaves throughout the country. The Civil War is
arguably the most studied and
written about episode in American history.
Reconstruction
ex Wiki Three visions of Civil War memory appeared during
Reconstruction: the reconciliationist vision, which was rooted in coping with
the death and devastation the war had brought; the
white supremacist vision, which included terror and violence; and the
emancipationist vision, which sought full freedom, citizenship and
Constitutional equality for
African Americans. Presidents
Abraham Lincoln and
Andrew Johnson both took moderate positions designed to bring the South back
into the union as quickly as possible, while
Radical Republicans in Congress sought stronger measures to upgrade the
rights of African Americans, including the
Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, while curtailing the
rights of former Confederates, such as through the provisions of the
Wade–Davis Bill. Johnson followed a lenient policy toward
ex-Confederates. Lincoln's last speeches show that he was leaning toward
supporting the
enfranchisement of all
freedmen, whereas Johnson was opposed to this.[3] Johnson's interpretations of Lincoln's policies prevailed until the
Congressional elections of 1866 in the North, which enabled the Radicals to take
control of policy, remove former Confederates from power, and enfranchise the
freedmen. A Republican coalition came to power in nearly all the southern states
and set out to transform the society by setting up a free labor economy, using
the
U.S. Army and the
Freedmen's Bureau. The Bureau protected the legal rights of freedmen,
negotiated labor contracts, and set up schools and churches for them. Thousands
of Northerners came south as missionaries, teachers, businessmen and
politicians. Some also entered politics. Hostile whites called them "Carpetbaggers".
In early 1866, Congress passed the Freedmen's Bureau and Civil Rights Bills and
sent them to Johnson for his signature. The first bill extended the life of the
bureau, originally established as a temporary organization charged with
assisting refugees and freed slaves, while the second defined all persons born
in the United States as national citizens with equality before the law. After
Johnson vetoed the bills, Congress overrode his veto, making the Civil Rights
Act the first major bill in the history of the United States to become law
through an override of a presidential veto. The Radicals in the House of
Representatives, frustrated by Johnson's opposition to Congressional
Reconstruction,
filed impeachment charges. The action failed by one vote in the Senate. Elected in 1868, Republican President
Ulysses S. Grant supported Congressional Reconstruction and enforced the
protection of African Americans in the South through the use of the
Enforcement Acts passed by Congress. Grant used the Enforcement Acts to
effectively combat the
Ku
Klux Klan, which was essentially wiped out (although a new incarnation of
the Klan eventually would again come to national prominence in the 1920s), but
was unable to resolve the escalating tensions inside the Republican party
between the northerners on the one hand, and those Republicans originally
hailing from the South on the other (this latter group would be labelled "Scalawags"
by those opposing Reconstruction). Meanwhile, "Redeemers",
self-styled Conservatives (in close cooperation with the
a faction of the Democratic Party) strongly opposed reconstruction.[4]
They alleged widespread corruption by the Carpetbaggers, excessive state
spending and ruinous taxes. Meanwhile, public support for Reconstruction
policies, requiring continued supervision of the South, faded in the North,
largely due to concerns over the
Panic of 1873. The Democrats, who strongly opposed Reconstruction, regained
control of the
House of Representatives in 1874. In 1877, as part of a Congressional
bargain to elect Republican
Rutherford B. Hayes as president following the close
1876 presidential election, U.S. Army troops were removed from the South,
ending Reconstruction and allowing Democrats to return to power. Reconstruction was a significant chapter in the history of
civil rights in the United States, and in economic history. After
Reconstruction ended, the South remained a poverty-stricken "backwater"
dependent on agriculture.[5]
White Southerners soon succeeded in re-establishing legal and political
dominance over blacks through violence, intimidation and discrimination.
Historian
Eric Foner argues, "What remains certain is that Reconstruction failed, and
that for blacks its failure was a disaster whose magnitude cannot be obscured by
the genuine accomplishments that did endure."[6]
Errol Flynn ex Wiki Errol Leslie Flynn was born in a suburb of
Hobart,
Tasmania, where his father,
Theodore, was a lecturer (1909) and later professor (1911) of biology at
the
University of Tasmania. His mother was born Lily Mary Young, but shortly
after marrying Theodore at St. John's Church of England,
Birchgrove, Sydney, on 23 January 1909,[3]
she changed her first name to Marelle.[4]
Flynn described his mother's family as "seafaring folk"[5]
and this appears to be where his lifelong interest in boats and the sea
originated. Both of his parents were native-born Australians of Irish,
English, and Scottish descent. Despite Flynn's claims,[6]
the evidence indicates that he was not descended from any of the
Bounty mutineers.[7]................... His formal education ended with his expulsion from Shore for theft,[11]
and, he later claimed, for a sexual encounter with the school's laundress.[12]
After being dismissed from a job as a junior clerk with a
Sydney
shipping company for pilfering petty cash, he went to
Papua New Guinea at the age of eighteen, seeking his fortune in tobacco
planting and metals mining. He spent the next five years oscillating between
the New Guinea frontier territory and Sydney.[11] In January 1931, he became engaged to Naomi Campbell-Dibbs, the youngest
daughter of Mr and Mrs R Campbell-Dibbs of Temora and Bowral NSW, a
relationship which ended before 1935.[13]
Carpetbagger ex Wiki ... most carpetbaggers probably combine the desire for personal gain with
a commitment to taking part in an effort "to substitute the civilization of
freedom for that of slavery". ... Carpetbaggers generally supported measures
aimed at democratizing and modernizing the South – civil rights legislation,
aid to economic development, the establishment of public school systems.[2] "Carpetbagger" was used by Southerners as a pejorative term, referring to the
carpet
bags (a form of cheap luggage made from carpet fabric) which many of these
newcomers carried. The term came to be associated with opportunism and
exploitation by outsiders. In the early 21st century in the U.S., the term is
used to refer to a
parachute candidate, that is, an outsider who runs for public office in an
area where they do not have deep community ties, or have lived only for a short
time.
Scalawag ex Wiki [ Scallywags? ]
Origins of the term
Historian Ted Tunnel writes that Reference works such as
Joseph E. Worcester's 1860 Dictionary of the English Language
defined scalawag as "A low worthless fellow; a scapegrace." Scalawag was
also a word for low-grade farm animals. In early 1868 a Mississippi
editor observed that scalawag "has been used from time immemorial to
designate inferior milch cows in the cattle markets of Virginia and
Kentucky." That June the Richmond Enquirer concurred; scalawag had
heretofore "applied to all of the mean, lean, mangy, hidebound skiny
[sic], worthless cattle in every particular drove." Only in recent
months, the Richmond paper remarked, had the term taken on political
meaning. During the 1868–69 session of Judge "Greasy" Sam Watts court in
Haywood County, North Carolina, Dr. William Closs, D.D. testified that a
scalawag was "a Native born Southern white man who says he is no better than
a negro and tells the truth when he says it." Some accounts record his
testimony as "a native Southern white man, who says that a negro is as good
as he is, and tells the truth when he says so." By October 1868 a Mississippi newspaper was defining the expression
scathingly in terms of Redemption politics.[4]
The term continued to be used as a pejorative by conservative
pro-segregationist southerners well into the 20th century.[5]
But historians commonly use the term to refer to the group of historical
actors with no pejorative meaning intended.[6] History
Despite being a minority, scalawags gained power by taking advantage of
the
Reconstruction laws of 1867, which
disenfranchised the majority of Southern white voters as they could not
take the
Ironclad oath, which required they had never served in Confederate armed
forces or held any political office under the state or Confederate
governments. Historian Harold Hyman says that in 1866 Congressmen "described
the oath as the last bulwark against the return of ex-rebels to power, the
barrier behind which Southern Unionists and Negroes protected themselves."[7] The coalition controlled every former Confederate state except Virginia,
as well as Kentucky and Missouri (which were claimed by the North and the
South) for varying lengths of time between 1866 and 1877. Two of the most
prominent scalawags were General
James Longstreet, one of Robert E. Lee's top generals, and
Joseph E. Brown, who had been the wartime governor of Georgia. During
the 1870s, many scalawags left the Republican Party and joined the
conservative-Democrat coalition. Conservative Democrats had replaced all
Republican minority governments in the South by 1877, after the
controversial
presidential election of 1876, in which the remaining Reconstruction
governments had certified the Republican electors despite the Democratic
candidate having carried the states. Franklin gives an assessment of the motives of Southern Unionists. He
noted that as more Southerners were allowed to vote and participate:[8] Eventually most scalawags joined the Democratic
Redeemer
coalition. A minority persisted as Republicans and formed the "tan" half of
the
"Black and Tan" Republican party. It was a minority element in the GOP
in every southern state after 1877.[9] Most of the 430 Republican newspapers in the South were edited by
scalawags—only 20 percent were edited by carpetbaggers. White businessmen
generally boycotted Republican papers, which survived through government
patronage.[10][11]
Freedmen's Bureau ex Wiki The
Freedmen's Bureau Bill, which established the Freedmen's Bureau on March
3, 1865, was initiated by President
Abraham Lincoln and was intended to last for one year after the end of
the Civil War.[2]
The Freedmen's Bureau was an important agency of early
Reconstruction, assisting freedmen in the South. The Bureau was made a
part of the
United States Department of War, as it was the only agency with an
existing organization that could be assigned to the South. Headed by Union
Army General
Oliver O. Howard, the Bureau started operations in 1865. Throughout the
first year, its representatives learned that these tasks would be very
difficult, as Southern legislatures passed laws for
Black Codes that restricted movement, conditions of labor, and other
civil rights of
African Americans, nearly duplicating conditions of slavery. The
Freedmen's Bureau controlled limited arable land.[3] The Bureau's powers were expanded to help African Americans find family
members from whom they had become separated during the war. It arranged to
teach them to read and write, considered critical by the freedmen themselves
as well as the government.[4][5]
Bureau agents also served as legal advocates for African Americans in both
local and national courts, mostly in cases dealing with family issues.[4]
The Bureau encouraged former major planters to rebuild their plantations and
urged freed blacks to return to work for them, kept an eye on contracts
between the newly free laborers and planters, and pushed whites and blacks
to work together as employers and employees rather than as masters and
slaves.[4] In 1866, Congress renewed the charter for the Bureau. President
Andrew Johnson, a Southerner who had succeeded to the office following
Lincoln's assassination, vetoed the bill because he believed that it
encroached on states' rights, relied inappropriately on the military in
peacetime, and would prevent freed slaves from becoming independent by
offering too much assistance.[2][6]
By 1869, the Bureau had lost most of its funding and as a result been forced
to cut much of its staff.[2]
By 1870 the Bureau had been considerably weakened due to the rise of
Ku
Klux Klan violence in the South.[2]
In 1872, Congress abruptly abandoned the program, effectively shutting down
the Bureau by refusing to approve renewal legislation. It did not inform
Howard, who had been transferred to Arizona by President
Ulysses S. Grant to settle hostilities between the
Apache and
settlers. Grant's Secretary of War
William W. Belknap, was hostile to Howard's leadership and authority at
the Bureau, and aroused controversy by his reassignment.
Crackers ex Wiki
A 1783 pejorative use of "crackers" specifies men who "are descended from
convicts that were transported from Great Britain to Virginia at different
times, and inherit so much profligacy from their ancestors, that they are the
most abandoned set of men on earth."
[3]
Benjamin Franklin, in his memoirs (1790), referred to "a race of runnagates and
crackers, equally wild and savage as the Indians" who inhabit the "desert[ed]
woods and mountains."
[4] The term cracker could have derived from the
Middle English cnac, craic, or crak, which originally
meant the sound of a cracking whip but came to refer to "loud conversation,
bragging talk".[5]
In
Elizabethan times this could refer to "entertaining
conversation" (one may be said to "crack" a
joke) and
cracker could be used to describe loud
braggarts; this term and the Gaelic spelling
craic are still
in use in
Ireland,
Scotland and
Northern England. It is documented in
Shakespeare's
King John (1595): "What cracker is this same that deafs our ears with
this abundance of superfluous breath?"[6][7]
This usage is illustrated in a letter to the
Earl of Dartmouth which reads:.............
Abraham Lincoln ex Wiki His primary goal was to reunite the nation. He suspended
habeas corpus, leading to the controversial
ex parte Merryman decision, and he averted potential British
intervention in the war by defusing the
Trent Affair in late 1861. Lincoln closely supervised the war effort, especially the selection of
top generals, including his most successful general,
Ulysses S. Grant. He also made major decisions on Union war strategy,
including a
naval blockade that shut down the South's normal trade, moves to take
control of Kentucky and Tennessee, and using gunboats to gain control of the
southern river system............ Anticipating the war's conclusion,
Lincoln pushed a moderate view
of
Reconstruction, seeking to reunite the nation speedily through a policy
of generous reconciliation in the face of lingering and bitter divisiveness.
On April 14, 1865, five days after the surrender of Confederate commanding
general
Robert E. Lee, Lincoln was assassinated by Confederate sympathizer
John Wilkes Booth and died the next day. Lincoln has been consistently
ranked both by scholars[5]
and the public[6]
as among the greatest U.S. presidents.
Andrew Johnson
ex Wiki Johnson was born in poverty in
Raleigh, North Carolina. Apprenticed as a tailor, he worked in several
frontier towns before settling in
Greeneville, Tennessee. He served as
alderman
and mayor there before being elected to the
Tennessee House of Representatives in 1835. After brief service in the
Tennessee Senate, Johnson was elected to the federal House of
Representatives in 1843, where he served five two-year terms. He became
Governor of Tennessee for four years, and was elected by the legislature
to the US Senate in 1857. In his congressional service, he sought passage of
the
Homestead Bill, which was enacted soon after he left his Senate seat in
1862. As
Southern slave states, including Tennessee, seceded to form the
Confederate States of America, Johnson remained firmly with the Union.
He was the only sitting senator from a Confederate state who did not resign
his seat upon learning of his state's secession. In 1862, Lincoln appointed
him as military governor of Tennessee after most of it had been retaken. In
1864, Johnson, as a
War Democrat and
Southern Unionist, was a logical choice as
running mate for Lincoln, who wished to send a message of national unity
in his re-election campaign; their ticket easily won. When Johnson was sworn
in as vice president in March 1865, he gave a rambling speech, after which
he secluded himself to avoid public ridicule. Six weeks later, the
assassination of Lincoln made him president. Johnson implemented his own form of
Presidential Reconstruction – a series of proclamations directing the
seceded states to hold conventions and elections to re-form their civil
governments. When Southern states returned many of their old leaders, and
passed
Black Codes to deprive the freedmen of many civil liberties,
Congressional Republicans refused to seat legislators from those states and
advanced legislation to overrule the Southern actions. Johnson vetoed their
bills, and Congressional Republicans overrode him, setting a pattern for the
remainder of his presidency.[3]
Johnson opposed the
Fourteenth Amendment, which gave citizenship to former slaves. In 1866,
Johnson went on an unprecedented national tour promoting his executive
policies, seeking to destroy his Republican opponents.[4]
As the conflict between the branches of government grew, Congress passed the
Tenure of Office Act, restricting Johnson's ability to fire Cabinet
officials. When he persisted in trying to dismiss Secretary of War
Edwin Stanton, he was impeached by the House of Representatives, and
narrowly avoided conviction in the Senate and removal from office. After
failing to win the 1868 Democratic presidential nomination, Johnson left
office in 1869. Returning to Tennessee after his presidency, Johnson sought political
vindication, and gained it in his eyes when he was elected to the Senate
again in 1875, making Johnson the only former president to serve in the
Senate. He died just months into his term. While some admire Johnson's
strict constitutionalism,[5]
his strong opposition to federally guaranteed rights for
African Americans is widely criticized. He is regarded by many
historians as
one of the worst presidents in American history.
Confederate States of America Wiki Each state declared its secession from the United States following the
November 1860 election of
Republican candidate
Abraham Lincoln to the U.S. presidency on a platform which opposed the
expansion of slavery. Before Lincoln took office in March, a new Confederate
government was established in February 1861, which was considered illegal by
the government of the United States. After the
Civil War began in April, four slave states of the
Upper South –
Virginia,
Arkansas,
Tennessee, and
North Carolina – also declared their secession and joined the
Confederacy. The Confederacy later accepted
Missouri and
Kentucky as members, although neither officially declared secession nor
were they ever largely controlled by Confederate forces; Confederate
shadow governments attempted to control the two states but were later
exiled from them. The government of the United States (the
Union) rejected the claims of secession and regarded the Confederacy
illegitimate. The
Civil War began with the April 12, 1861,
Confederate attack upon Fort Sumter, a Union fort in the harbor of
Charleston, South Carolina. No foreign government officially
recognized the Confederacy as an independent country,[1][3][4]
although
Britain[1]
and
France granted it
belligerent status which allowed Confederate agents to contract with
private concerns for arms and other supplies. In early 1865, after four
years of heavy fighting which led to an estimated 620,000 military deaths,[5]
all the Confederate forces surrendered and the Confederacy dissolved. The
war lacked a formal end; nearly all Confederate forces had been forced into
surrender or deliberately disbanded by the end of 1865, by which point the
dwindling manpower and resources of the Confederacy were facing overwhelming
odds.[2]
Jefferson Davis later lamented that the Confederacy had "disappeared" in
1865.[6]
Eric Foner ex Wiki
Ku Klux Klan ex Wiki The first Klan flourished in the
Southern United States in the late 1860s, then died out by the early
1870s. It sought to overthrow the
Republican state governments in the South during the
Reconstruction Era, especially by using violence against
African American leaders. With numerous chapters across the South, it
was suppressed around 1871, through
federal law enforcement. Members made their own, often colorful,
costumes: robes, masks and
conical hats, designed to be terrifying and to hide their identities.[17][18] The second group was founded in 1915 and it flourished nationwide in the
early and mid-1920s, particularly in urban areas of the
Midwest and
West. Rooted in local Protestant communities, it opposed
Catholics and
Jews, while also stressing its opposition to the
Catholic Church at a time of high immigration from mostly Catholic
nations of southern and eastern Europe.[6]
This second organization adopted a standard white costume and used code
words which were similar to those used by the first Klan, while adding
cross burnings and mass parades to intimidate others. The third and current manifestation of the KKK emerged after 1950, in the
form of localized and isolated groups that use the KKK name. They have
focused on opposition to the
Civil Rights Movement, often using violence and murder to suppress
activists. It is classified as a
hate
group by the
Anti-Defamation League and the
Southern Poverty Law Center.[19]
As of 2016, the Anti-Defamation League puts total Klan membership nationwide
at around 3,000, while the
Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC) puts it at 6,000 members total.[20] The second and third incarnations of the Ku Klux Klan made frequent
references to America's "Anglo-Saxon"
blood, hearkening [ sic ] back to 19th-century
nativism.[21]
Although members of the KKK swear to uphold Christian morality, virtually
every
Christian denomination has officially denounced the KKK.[22]
Haiti Slave Revolt [ 1791 - 1804 ] Its effects on the institution of
slavery
were felt throughout the Americas. The ending of French rule and the
abolition of slavery in the former colony by the former slaves was followed
by their successful defense of the freedoms they won, and, with the
collaboration of
mulattoes, their independence from rule by white Europeans.[5][6][7]
It represents the largest slave uprising since
Spartacus's
unsuccessful revolt against the
Roman Republic nearly 1,900 years before.[8]
It challenged long-held beliefs about black inferiority and about enslaved
persons' capacity to achieve and maintain their own freedom. The rebels'
organizational capacity and tenacity under pressure became the source of
stories that shocked and frightened slave owners.[9] Atlanta ex
Wiki In 1837, Atlanta was founded at the intersection of two railroad lines,
and the city rose from the ashes of the
American Civil War to become a national center of commerce. In the
decades following the
Civil Rights Movement, the city earned a reputation as "too busy to
hate" for the relatively progressive views of its citizens and leaders
compared to other cities in the
Deep
South.[13]
Atlanta attained international prominence, and it became the primary
transportation hub of the
Southeastern United States, via highway, railroad, and
air, with
Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport being the
world's busiest airport since 1998.[14][15][16][17]
Ironclad Oath ex Wiki
Text of the Oath
I, A. B., do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I have never
voluntarily borne arms against the United States since I have been a
citizen thereof; that I have voluntarily given no aid, countenance,
counsel, or encouragement to persons engaged in armed hostility thereto;
that I have neither sought nor accepted nor attempted to exercise the
functions of any office whatever, under any authority or pretended
authority in hostility to the United States; that I have not yielded a
voluntary support to any pretended government, authority, power or
constitution within the United States, hostile or inimical thereto. And
I do further swear (or affirm) that, to the best of my knowledge and
ability, I will support and defend the Constitution of the United
States, against all enemies, foreign and domestic; that I will bear true
faith and allegiance to the same; that I take this obligation freely,
without any mental reservation or purpose of evasion, and that I will
well and faithfully discharge the duties of the office on which I am
about to enter, so help me God.
Role during Civil
War
Role in
Reconstruction Congress devised the oath in July 1862 for all federal employees,
lawyers, and federal elected officials. It was applied to Southern voters in
the
Wade–Davis Bill of 1864, which President
Abraham Lincoln
vetoed. President
Andrew Johnson also opposed it. Both Johnson and Lincoln wanted
Southerners instead to swear to an oath that in the future they would
support the Union. Lincoln's amnesty oath was integral to his
ten percent plan for reconstruction. In 1864 Congress extended the
provisions of the ironclad oath to its own members, but overlooked
perjury
when it came to seating Southern Republicans. Hyman says that in 1866,
Northern Congressmen "described the oath as the last bulwark against the
return of ex-rebels to power, the barrier behind which Southern Unionists
and Negroes protected themselves."[3] The first Supplemental Reconstruction Act (March 23, 1867) required an
oath of past loyalty in order for any man in the South to vote. The local
registrar had to swear that he had never held office under Confederacy, nor
given aid or comfort to it. They also had to take the ironclad oath.[4] In 1867 the United States Supreme Court held that the federal ironclad
oath for attorneys and the similar Missouri state oath for ministers,
teachers, and other professionals were unconstitutional, because they
violated the constitutional prohibitions against
bills of attainder and
ex post facto laws.[5][6][7] In March 1867 Radicals in Congress passed a law that prohibited anyone
from voting in the election of delegates to state constitutional conventions
or in the subsequent ratification who was prohibited from holding office
under section 3 of the pending
Fourteenth Amendment.[8]
Those exclusions were less inclusive than the requirements of the Ironclad
Oath. These exclusions allowed the Republican coalitions to carry the
elections in every Southern state except Virginia. The Republican-dominated
legislatures wrote and enacted new constitutions. These new state
constitutions applied to all state officials and could not be repealed by an
ordinary vote of the legislature. The Republicans applied the oath in the South to keep political opponents
from holding office or (in some states) from even voting.[9]
Hyman says, "most Southerners, even good Republican supporters, were
disfranchised by the ironclad oath's blanket provisions rather than by the
Fourteenth Amendment's highly selective disabilities."[10] Perman emphasizes that the Republican ascendancy in the South was
"extremely precarious" because the electorate had been defined by Congress,
and "many potential opponents had been disfranchised, while others have
simply refused to participate in what they regarded as a rigged election."[11]
Perman argues that while the Radicals had controlled the state
constitutional conventions, they increasingly lost power inside the
Republican Party to conservative forces that repudiated disfranchisement and
proscription. Voters in Texas, Virginia, and Mississippi voted down the new
constitutions even though many opponents were disfranchised. The result was
that by 1870 in every state except Arkansas, the Republicans dropped the
restrictions against ex-Confederates and supporters, such as the ironclad
oath. In Arkansas the Republican split and fought an internal civil war
called the
Brooks–Baxter War.[12] In 1871, Congress modified the ironclad oath in order to permit all
former rebels to use the 1868 formula to swear to "future loyalty."
President
Ulysses S. Grant vetoed the law, but Congress passed it.[13] Voting restrictions on former Confederates varied state by state during
the rest of the Reconstruction era. Few were disenfranchised in Georgia,
Texas, Florida, North Carolina and South Carolina. Alabama and Arkansas
banned only those ineligible to hold office under the Fourteenth Amendment.
Louisiana banned those newspaper editors and religious ministers who had
supported secession or anybody who had voted for the secession ordinance,
but allowed them to vote if they took an oath favoring Radical
Reconstruction, a much more lenient avowal than required by the Ironclad
Oath.[14]
In states where there was disenfranchisement the maximum percentage was
10-20% of otherwise eligible white voters; most states had much smaller
percentages disenfranchised.[15]
In the South the most support for the Ironclad Oath came from white
Republicans from the hill counties, where they needed it to gain local
majorities.[16] In May 1884, President
Chester Arthur signed the law repealing the remaining ironclad and
jurors' test-oath statutes.[17]
Rufus Bullock ex Wiki - not corrupt allegedly -
Margaret Mitchell tells it differently - I
believe her, not it but see a note buried in a different article -
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_during_Reconstruction Bullock served as the
46th Governor of Georgia from 1868 to 1871 during
Reconstruction and was the first
Republican governor of
Georgia. After Georgia ratified the
Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution, the Omnibus Act declared that
states were entitled to representation in Congress as one of the states of
the Union. Georgia again lost the right to representation in Congress
because the
General Assembly expelled twenty-eight black members and prevented
blacks from voting in the
1868 presidential election.[3]
In response to an appeal from Bullock, Georgia was again placed under
military rule as part of the Georgia Act of December 22, 1869.[4]
This made Bullock a hated political figure. After various allegations of
scandal and ridicule,[5]
in 1871 he was obliged by the
Ku
Klux Klan to resign the governorship.[6]
He was succeeded by Republican
State Senate president
Benjamin Conley, who served as Governor for the two remaining months of
the term to which Bullock had been elected. Conley was succeeded by
James M. Smith, a Democrat, and no Republican would serve as governor of
Georgia again until
Sonny Perdue in 2003.
Georgia During Reconstruction ex Wiki The so-called Redeemers used terrorism to strengthen their rule. The
expelled African American legislators were particular targets for their
violence. African American legislator
Abram Colby was pulled out of his home by a mob and given 100 lashes
with a whip. His colleague
Abram Turner was murdered. Other African American lawmakers were
threatened and attacked.[8]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartersville_and_Van_Wert_Railroad
Cartersville and Van Wert Railroad ex Wiki By 1870 the railroad had 14 miles (23 km) of
5 ft (1,524 mm)
broad gauge track connecting Cartersville to
Taylorsville, Georgia but further growth was apparently impeded by shady
financial dealings by then Governor
Rufus Bullock,
Hanniball Kimball, and other associates. These problems caused the
railroad to be reorganized as the
Cherokee Railroad. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannibal_Kimball
White League ex Wiki The
Red Shirts was a similar group that formed chapters in Mississippi and
the Carolinas. Active during the later years of
Reconstruction, these paramilitary groups were described as "the
military arm of the
Democratic Party."[2]
Through violence and intimidation of blacks and allied whites, their members
suppressed Republican voting and contributed to the Democrats' taking
control of the
Louisiana Legislature in 1876 (and to Democratic control in other
southern states).[2] After white Democrats
regained
control of the state legislature in 1876, members of the White Leagues
were absorbed into the state militias and the
National Guard.[3] The Legend of
'Gone with the Wind'
American Civil War Was About Taxing the South To Pay For The North When I was born, America was a nation. Today, it is a diversity country
in which various segments divided by race, gender, and sexual preference
preach hate toward other segments. Currently white heterosexual males are
losing in the hate game, but once hate is unleashed it can turn on any and
every one. Working class white males understand that they are the new
underclass in a diversity country in which everyone has privileges except
them. Many of the university educated group of heterosexual white males are
too brainwashed to understand what is happening to them. Indeed, some of
them are so successfully brainwashed that they think it is their just
punishment as a white male to be downtrodden................ When truth-tellers are no more, it is unlikely they will be missed. No
one will even know that they are gone. Already, gobs of people are unable to
follow a reasoned argument based on undisputed facts. Take something simple and clear, such as the conflict over several
decades between North and South leading to the breakup of the union. The
conflict was economic. It was over tariffs. The North wanted them in order
to protect northern industry from lower priced British manufactures. Without
tariffs, northern industry was hemmed in by British goods and could not
develop. The South did not want the tariffs because it meant higher prices for the
South and likely retaliation against the South’s export of cotton. The South
saw the conflict in terms of lower income forced on southerners so that
northern manufacturers could have higher incomes. The argument over the
division of new states carved from former Indian territories was about
keeping the voting balance equal in Congress so that a stiff tariff could
not be passed. It is what the debates show. So many historians have written
about these documented facts. Slavery was not the issue, because as Lincoln said in his inaugural
address, he had no inclination and no power to abolish slavery. Slavery was
a states’ rights issue reserved to the states by the US Constitution. The issue, Lincoln said in his inaugural address, was the collection of
the tariff. There was no need, he said, for invasion or bloodshed. The South
just needed to permit the federal government to collect the duties on
imports. The northern states actually passed an amendment to the
Constitution that prohibited slavery from ever being abolished by the
federal government, and Lincoln gave his support. For the South the problem was not slavery. The legality of slavery was
clear and accepted by Lincoln in his inaugural address as a state’s right.
However, a tariff was one of the powers given by the Constitution to the
federal government. Under the Constitution the South was required to accept
a tariff if it passed Congress and was signed by the President. A tariff had
passed two days prior to Lincoln’s inauguration. The South couldn’t point at the real reason it was leaving the union—the
tariff—if the South wanted to blame the north for its secession. In
order to blame the North for the breakup of the union (the British are
leaving the European Union without a war), the South turned to the
nullification by some northern states of the federal law and US
Constitutional provision (Article 4, Section 2) that required the return of
runaway slaves. South Carolina’s secession document said that some Northern
states by not returning slaves had broken the contract on which the union
was formed. South Carolina’s argument became the basis for the secession
documents of other states. In other words, slavery became an issue in the secession because some
Northern states—but not the federal government—refused to comply with the
constitutional obligation to return property as required by the US
Constitution. South Carolina was correct, but the northern states were acting as
individual states, not as the federal government. It wasn’t Lincoln who
nullified the Fugitive Slave Act, and states were not allowed to nullify
constitutional provisions or federal law within the powers assigned to the
federal government by the Constitution. Lincoln upheld the Fugitive Slave
Act. In effect, what the South did was to nullify the power that the
Constitution gives to the federal government to levy a tariff. Apologists
for the South ignore this fact. The South had no more power under the
Constitution to nullify a tariff than northern states had to nullify the
Fugative Slave Act. Slavery was not, under the Constitution, a federal issue, but the tariff
was. It was the South’s refusal of the tariff that caused Lincoln to invade
the Confederacy. You need to understand that in those days people thought of themselves as
citizens of the individual states, not as citizens of the United States,
just as today people in Europe think of themselves as citizens of France,
Germany, Italy, etc., and not as citizens of the European Union. In was in
the states that most government power resided. Robert E. Lee refused the
offer of the command of the Union Army on the grounds that it would be
treasonous for him to attack his own country of Virginia. Having
explained history as it was understood prior to its rewrite by Identity
Politics, which has thrown history down the Orwellian Memory Hole, I was
accused of “lying about the motivations of the South” by a reason-impaired
reader........... It did not occur to the reason-impaired reader to wonder why the South
would secede over slavery when the federal government was not threatening
slavery. In his inaugural address Lincoln said that he had neither the power
nor the inclination to forbid slavery. The North gave the South more assurances about slavery by passing the
Corwin Amendment
that added to the existing constitutional protection of slavery by putting
in a special constitutional amendment upholding slavery. As slavery was
under no threat, why would the South secede over slavery? The tariff was a threat, and it was a tariff, not a bill outlawing
slavery, that had just passed. Unlike slavery, which the Constitution left
to the discretion of individual states, tariffs were a federal issue. Under
the Constitution states had no rights to nullify tariffs. Therefore, the
South wanted out. It also does not occur to the reason-impaired reader that if the war was
over slavery why have historians, even court historians, been unable to find
evidence of that in the letters and diaries of the soldiers on both
sides?................ What I find extraordinary about today’s concern with slavery in the 1800s
is the lack of concern with our enslavement today. It is amazing that
Americans do not realize that they were enslaved by the passage of the
income tax in 1913. Consider the definition of a slave. It is a person who
does not own his own labor or the products of his own labor. Of course, if
the slave is to live to work another day some of his labor must go to his
subsistence. How much depended on the technology and labor productivity. On
19th century southern plantations, the slave tax seems to have been limited
short of the 50% rate.
Gone With The Wind On Line ex Gutenberg
Gone With The Wind ex Adelaide
Gone With The Wind - Contents
The war was cruel.
The Southern lack of industry was a major weakness.
The blockade of Southern ports was effective, cutting off trade & reducing
people to poverty.
Speculators and blockade runners did very well for themselves.
The subsequent pillaging & looting made matters worse in the South.
Sherman drove everybody, young and old out of Atlanta into the November cold,
quartered his men there then burnt the town to the ground. People died as a
direct result.
The Freedmen's Bureau was a bunch of
crooks abusing power to rob the South. Imposing arbitrary taxes to bankrupt
estate owners was one technique.
She has Rhett Butler saying to
Scarlett O'Hara in
Chapter 34 ......you looked as hard as nails. I’ve seen eyes like yours
above a dueling pistol twenty paces from me and they aren’t a pleasant sight. This was
after her proposal of marriage fell flat.
Yankees incited blacks to rape white women - see
Chapter 37. This led
gentlemen to kill and to the Ku Klux Klan.
The Wiki pretends it wasn't like that;
that Lincoln wanted reconciliation.
Believe it if you want.
Chapter XXXVII gives the lie to the reconciliation story:
Carpetbaggers throve while decent folk
starved. She says QUOTE I'd have taken their damned oath [
Ironclad Oath ] right after the
surrender if they'd acted decent. I can be restored to the the union but by God
I can't be reconstructed into it. UNQUOTE. The Southerners who took the oath got
compensated for the damage done by the North. They even got the vote.
The Northern women were racists who would not trust a Negro nurse with their
children and believed that Southerners had branding irons & kept bloodhounds to
track down run aways. See
Chapter 38.
The state government imposed by the North i.e.
Republicans was monstrously greedy & corrupt - see
Chapter 52.
Bullock, the governor was bent as a nine
bob note; he lied to hang on to power then had to do a runner to beat
impeachment. The Wiki skates over these details - see
Chapter 58 but see what it admits in a different article,
Georgia During Reconstruction.
It does hostile commentary on the White League
ex Wiki - lying(?)
Gone With The Wind was her one book, a great success and somewhat
biographical. E.g. she did ride a lot. She learned about the civil war
directly from he mother's mother.
Gone with the Wind is a novel by American writer
Margaret Mitchell, first published in 1936. The story is set in
Clayton County and
Atlanta,
both in
Georgia, during the
American Civil War and
Reconstruction Era. It depicts the struggles of young Scarlett O'Hara, the
spoiled daughter of a well-to-do plantation owner, who must use every means at
her disposal to claw her way out of poverty following
Sherman's destructive "March
to the Sea". This historical novel features a
Bildungsroman or coming-of-age story, with the title taken from a poem
written by
Ernest Dowson.
Gone with the Wind is a 1939 American
epic
historical
romance film adapted from
Margaret Mitchell's 1936 novel
of the same name. The film was produced by
David O. Selznick of
Selznick International Pictures and directed by
Victor Fleming. Set in the
American South against the backdrop of the
The American Civil War was fought in the
United States from 1861 to 1865. After a long-standing
controversy over
slavery and
state's rights, war broke out in April 1861, when Confederates attacked
Fort Sumter in
South Carolina, shortly after
Abraham Lincoln was elected. The nationalists of the
Union proclaimed loyalty to the U.S. Constitution. They faced
secessionists of the
Confederate States of America advocating states’ rights to perpetual
slavery and its expansion in the Americas.
The term Reconstruction Era, in the context of the
history of the United States, has two senses: the first covers the complete
history of the entire country from 1865 to 1877 following the
American Civil War (1861 to 1865); the second sense focuses on the attempted
transformation of the
Southern United States from 1863 to 1877, as directed by Congress, with the
reconstruction of state and society. With the three
Reconstruction Amendments, the era saw the first amendments to the US
Constitution in decades.
Errol Leslie Flynn[1]
(20 June 1909 – 14 October 1959)[1]
was an Australian-born American actor who achieved fame in Hollywood after
1935.[2]
He was known for his romantic
swashbuckler roles in Hollywood films, as well as frequent partnerships
with
Olivia De Havilland. He became an American citizen in 1942.
In the history of the United States, a carpetbagger was a
Northerner who moved to the
South after the
American Civil War, during the
Reconstruction era (1863–1877). Many white Southerners denounced them
fearing they would loot and plunder the defeated South and be politically allied
with the
Radical Republicans.[1]
Sixty men from the North, including educated
free people of color and slaves who had escaped to the North and returned
South after the war, were elected as Republicans to Congress. The majority of
Republican governors in the South during Reconstruction were from the North.
Historian
Eric Foner argues:
In United States history, scalawags were southern whites who
supported
Reconstruction and the
Republican Party, after the
American Civil War. Like the similar term "carpetbagger,"
the word has a long history of use as a slur in Southern partisan debates.
The opponents of the scalawags claimed they were disloyal to traditional
values of white supremacy.[1]
The term is commonly used in historical studies as a neutral descriptor of
Southern white Republicans, although some historians have discarded the term
due to its history of pejorative connotations.[2]
The term is a derogatory epithet, yet it is used by many historians
anyway, as in Wiggins (1991), Baggett (2003),[3]
Rubin (2006) and Wetta (2012). The word scalawag, originally
referring to low-grade farm animals, was adopted by their opponents to refer
to Southern whites who formed a Republican coalition with black
freedmen and
Northern newcomers (called
carpetbaggers) to take control of their state and local governments[citation
needed]. Among the earliest uses in this new meaning
were references in Alabama and Georgia newspapers in the summer of 1867,
first referring to all southern Republicans, then later restricting it to
only white ones.[1]
After the
American Civil War during the
Reconstruction Era 1863 to 1869, Presidents
Abraham Lincoln and
Andrew Johnson undertook policies designed to bring the South back to
normal as soon as possible, while the
Radical Republicans used Congress to block the president, impose harsh
terms, and upgrade the rights of the Freedmen (the ex-slaves). In the South,
Black Freedmen and White Southerners with Republican sympathies joined
forces with Northerners who had moved south (called "Carpetbaggers" by their
southern opponents) to implement the policies of the Republican party.
The Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands, usually
referred to as simply the Freedmen's Bureau,[1]
was a
U.S. federal
government agency established in 1865 to aid
freedmen
(freed
slaves) in the
South during the
Reconstruction era of the United States, which attempted to change
society in the former
Confederate States.
Cracker, sometimes white cracker or "cracka", is
a usually derogatory and/or offensive term for
white
people,[1]
especially
poor rural whites in the
Southern United States. In reference to a native of
Florida or
Georgia, however, it is sometimes used in a neutral or positive context or
self-descriptively with
pride (see
Florida cracker and
Georgia cracker).[2]
Lincoln's victory prompted seven southern slave states to form the
Confederate States of America before he moved into the
White House—no compromise or reconciliation was found regarding slavery
and secession. Subsequently, on April 12, 1861, a Confederate attack on
Fort
Sumter inspired the North to enthusiastically rally behind the
Union. As the leader of the moderate faction of the Republican Party,
Lincoln confronted Radical Republicans, who demanded harsher treatment of
the South,
War Democrats, who called for more compromise, anti-war Democrats
(called
Copperheads), who despised him, and irreconcilable secessionists, who
plotted his assassination............
Andrew Johnson (December 29, 1808 – July 31, 1875) was the
17th President of the United States, serving from 1865 to 1869. Johnson
became president as he was
vice president at the time of the
assassination of Abraham Lincoln. A
Democrat who ran with Lincoln on the
National Union ticket, Johnson came to office as the
Civil War concluded. The new president favored quick restoration of the
seceded states to the Union. His plans did not give protection to the
former slaves, and he came into conflict with the
Republican-dominated Congress, culminating in
his impeachment by the House of Representatives. The first American
president to be impeached, he was acquitted in the Senate by one vote.
The Confederate States of America (CSA or C.S.),
commonly referred to as the Confederacy, was a self-proclaimed nation
of 11
secessionist slave-holding
states
of the United States, existing from 1861 to 1865. The Confederacy was
originally formed by seven states –
South Carolina,
Mississippi,
Florida,
Alabama,
Georgia,
Louisiana, and
Texas – in the
Lower
South region of the
United States whose regional economy was mostly dependent upon
agriculture, particularly
Cotton,
and a
plantation system that relied upon the labor of
African-American
slaves.[2]
[ Is one of the ]
American people of Russian-Jewish descent
The Ku Klux Klan
/ˈkuː
ˈklʌks
ˈklæn,
ˈkjuː/,[7]
commonly called the KKK or simply the Klan, is the name of
three distinct movements in the
United States that have advocated extremist
reactionary positions such as
white supremacy,
white nationalism,
anti-immigration and—especially in later iterations—Nordicism,[8][9]
anti-Catholicism[10][11]
and
antisemitism.[11]
Historically, the KKK used
terrorism—both physical assault and murder—against groups or individuals
whom they opposed.[12]
All three movements have called for the "purification" of
American society and all are considered
right-wing extremist organizations.[13][14][15][16]
The Haitian Revolution (French:
Révolution haïtienne
[ʁevɔlysjɔ̃ ajisjɛ̃n]) was a successful
anti-slavery and
anti-colonial insurrection by
self-liberated slaves against
French
colonial rule in
Saint-Domingue, now the sovereign nation of
Haiti. It
began in 1791 and ended in 1804 with the former colony's independence. It
was the only slave uprising that led to the founding of a state, which was
both free from slavery, and ruled by non-whites and former captives.[3]
With the recent increase in Haitian Revolutionary Studies, it is now widely
seen as a defining moment in the history of racism in the
Atlantic World.[4]
Atlanta is the
capital of and the most populous
city in the
U.S.
state
of
Georgia, with an estimated 2016 population of 472,522.[12]
Atlanta is the cultural and economic center of the
Atlanta metropolitan area, home to 5,710,795 people and the
ninth-largest metropolitan area in the United States.[6]
Atlanta is the
county seat of
Fulton County, and a small portion of the city extends eastward into
DeKalb County.
The Ironclad Oath was an oath promoted by
Radical Republicans and opposed by President
Abraham Lincoln during the
American Civil War. The Republicans intended to prevent political
activity of ex-Confederate soldiers and supporters by requiring all voters
and officials to swear they had never supported the Confederacy. Given the
temporary disenfranchisement of the numerous Confederate veterans and local
civic leaders, a new Republican biracial coalition came to power in the ten
Southern states during
Reconstruction. Southern conservative Democrats were angered to have
been disenfranchised.
Congress originally devised the oath in July 1862 for all federal
employees, lawyers and federal elected officials. It was applied to Southern
voters in the
Wade–Davis Bill of 1864, which President
Abraham Lincoln
vetoed. Former vice-president
Andrew Johnson also opposed it after he became president in April 1865.
Both Johnson and Lincoln wanted Southerners instead to swear to an oath that
in the future they would support the Union. Lincoln's amnesty oath
was integral to his
ten percent plan for reconstruction. In 1864 Congress extended the
provisions of the ironclad oath to its own members, but overlooked
perjury
when it came to seating Southern Republicans.
The Oath was a key factor in removing many ex-Confederates from the
political arena during the Reconstruction era of the late 1860s. To take the
Ironclad Oath, a person had to swear he had never borne arms against the
Union or supported the Confederacy — that is, he had "never voluntarily
borne arms against the United States," had "voluntarily" given "no aid,
countenance, counsel or encouragement" to persons in rebellion and had
exercised or attempted to exercise the functions of no office under the
Confederacy. A farmer who sold grain to the Confederate Army would be
covered. The oath was detested by ex-Confederates; some called it "The
Damnesty Oath."[2]
Rufus Brown Bullock (March 28, 1834 – April 27, 1907) was an American
Republican politician and Georgia businessman. During the
Reconstruction Era he called for equal economic opportunity[1]
and political rights for blacks and whites in Georgia. He also promoted
public education for both races, and encouraged railroads, banks, and
industrial development. He was unpopular among whites during his
governorship, but for three decades afterwards he was an esteemed private
citizen.
The
Wikipedia admits in this article that
Rufus Bullock was crooked, i.e. that
Margaret Mitchell told the truth while it
lied.
End of Reconstruction
Georgia Democrats despised the 'Carpetbagger'
administration of
Rufus Bullock, accusing two of his friends, Foster Blodgett,
superintendent of the state's
Western and Atlantic Railroad, and Hannibal I. Kimball, owner of the
Atlanta opera house where the state legislature met, of embezzling state
funds. His efforts to prolong military rule caused considerable divisions in
the states party, while black politicians complained that they did not
receive an adequate share of patronage. In February 1870 the newly
constituted legislature ratified the
Fifteenth Amendment and chose new Senators to send to Washington. On
July 15, Georgia became the last former Confederate state readmitted into
the Union. The Democrats subsequently won commanding majorities in both
houses of the General Assembly. Governor
Rufus Bullock fled the state in order to avoid impeachment. With the
voting restrictions against former Confederates removed, Democrat and
ex-Confederate Colonel
James Milton Smith was elected to complete Bullock's term. By January
1872 Georgia was fully under the control of the
Redeemers, the state's resurgent white conservative Democrats.
Chartered in 1866, the Cartersville and Van Wert Railroad was
originally planned to connect the
Western & Atlantic Railroad at
Cartersville, Georgia to the
Selma, Rome and Dalton Railroad at
Prior, Georgia almost on the
Alabama
state line.
QUOTE
The White League, also known as the White Man's League,[1]
was an American white
paramilitary organization started in 1874 to turn Republicans out of
office and intimidate
freedmen from voting and political organizing. Affiliated with the
Democratic Party, its first chapter was formed in
Grant Parish, Louisiana and neighboring parishes, made up of many of the
Confederate
veterans
who had participated in the
Colfax massacre in April 1873. Chapters were soon founded in
New
Orleans and other areas of the state.
UNQUOTE
The
Wikipedia gives us
hostile commentary. It may very well be lying.
A contemporary review. It went like the wind.
QUOTE
Truth-tellers are persona non grata to the ruling establishment and
proponents of Identity Politics, as
discussion of the so-called "Civil War" illustrates.
Over the course of my lifetime America has
become an infantile country.
UNQUOTE
Doctor Paul Craig Roberts is an
American economist who was in politics.
Complete text in one lump.
Complete text in one lump with nice format and typeface.
In separate chapters with a nice font.